Merge pull request #2 from ladyada/master

pylint party

README.rst

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Introduction
     :target: https://travis-ci.org/adafruit/adafruit_CircuitPython_PN532
     :alt: Build Status
 
-.. todo:: Describe what the library does.
+CircuitPython driver for the `PN532 NFC/RFID Breakout <https://www.adafruit.com/product/364>`_ and `PN532 NFC/RFID Shield <https://www.adafruit.com/product/789>`_
 
 Dependencies
 =============
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ This is easily achieved by downloading
 Usage Example
 =============
 
-.. todo:: Add a quick, simple example. It and other examples should live in the examples folder and be included in docs/examples.rst.
+Check examples/pn532_simpletest.py for usage example
 
 Contributing
 ============

adafruit_pn532.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 # OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 # SOFTWARE.
 """
-`adafruit_PN532`
+``adafruit_pn532``
 ====================================================
 
 This module will let you communicate with a PN532 RFID/NFC shield or breakout
@@ -43,13 +43,12 @@ Implementation Notes
 
 * Adafruit CircuitPython firmware for the supported boards:
   https://github.com/adafruit/circuitpython/releases
-  
+* Adafruit's Bus Device library: https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_CircuitPython_BusDevice
- * Adafruit's Bus Device library: https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_CircuitPython_BusDevice
 """
 
 
 import time
-from digitalio import DigitalInOut, Direction
+from digitalio import Direction
 import adafruit_bus_device.i2c_device as i2c_device
 import adafruit_bus_device.spi_device as spi_device
 
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ from micropython import const
 __version__ = "0.0.0-auto.0"
 __repo__ = "https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_CircuitPython_PN532.git"
 
-
+# pylint: disable=bad-whitespace
 _PREAMBLE                      = const(0x00)
 _STARTCODE1                    = const(0x00)
 _STARTCODE2                    = const(0xFF)
@@ -174,8 +173,22 @@ _GPIO_P35                      = const(5)
 
 _ACK                           = b'\x00\x00\xFF\x00\xFF\x00'
 _FRAME_START                   = b'\x00\x00\xFF'
+# pylint: enable=bad-whitespace
+
+
+def _reset(pin):
+    """Perform a hardware reset toggle"""
+    pin.direction = Direction.OUTPUT
+    pin.value = True
+    time.sleep(0.1)
+    pin.value = False
+    time.sleep(0.5)
+    pin.value = True
+    time.sleep(0.1)
 
 def reverse_bit(num):
+    """Turn an LSB byte to an MSB byte, and vice versa. Used for SPI as
+    it is LSB for the PN532, but 99% of SPI implementations are MSB only!"""
     result = 0
     for _ in range(8):
         result <<= 1
@@ -197,18 +210,15 @@ class PN532:
         """
         self.debug = debug
         if reset:
-            reset.direction = Direction.OUTPUT
+            if debug:
-            reset.value = True
+                print("Resetting")
-            time.sleep(0.1)
+            _reset(reset)
-            reset.value = False
+
-            time.sleep(0.1)
-            reset.value = True
-            time.sleep(1)
         try:
             self._wakeup()
             self.get_firmware_version() # first time often fails, try 2ce
             return
-        except:
+        except (BusyError, RuntimeError):
             pass
         self.get_firmware_version()
 
@@ -216,7 +226,7 @@ class PN532:
         # Read raw data from device, not including status bytes:
         # Subclasses MUST implement this!
         raise NotImplementedError
-    
+
     def _write_data(self, framebytes):
         # Write raw bytestring data to device, not including status bytes:
         # Subclasses MUST implement this!
@@ -227,10 +237,13 @@ class PN532:
         # Subclasses MUST implement this!
         raise NotImplementedError
 
+    def _wakeup(self):
+        # Send special command to wake up
+        raise NotImplementedError
 
     def _write_frame(self, data):
         """Write a frame to the PN532 with the specified data bytearray."""
-        assert data is not None and 0 < len(data) < 255, 'Data must be array of 1 to 255 bytes.'
+        assert data is not None and 1 < len(data) < 255, 'Data must be array of 1 to 255 bytes.'
         # Build frame to send as:
         # - Preamble (0x00)
         # - Start code  (0x00, 0xFF)
@@ -266,6 +279,7 @@ class PN532:
         response = self._read_data(length+8)
         if self.debug:
             print('Read frame:', [hex(i) for i in response])
+
         # Swallow all the 0x00 values that preceed 0xFF.
         offset = 0
         while response[offset] == 0x00:
@@ -276,7 +290,7 @@ class PN532:
             raise RuntimeError('Response frame preamble does not contain 0x00FF!')
         offset += 1
         if offset >= len(response):
-                raise RuntimeError('Response contains no data!')
+            raise RuntimeError('Response contains no data!')
         # Check length & length checksum match.
         frame_len = response[offset]
         if (frame_len + response[offset+1]) & 0xFF != 0:
@@ -288,7 +302,7 @@ class PN532:
         # Return frame data.
         return response[offset+2:offset+2+frame_len]
 
-    def call_function(self, command, response_length=0, params=[], timeout=1):
+    def call_function(self, command, response_length=0, params=[], timeout=1): # pylint: disable=dangerous-default-value
         """Send specified command to the PN532 and expect up to response_length
         bytes back in a response.  Note that less than the expected bytes might
         be returned!  Params can optionally specify an array of bytes to send as
@@ -298,12 +312,16 @@ class PN532:
         """
         # Build frame data with command and parameters.
         data = bytearray(2+len(params))
-        data[0]  = _HOSTTOPN532
+        data[0] = _HOSTTOPN532
-        data[1]  = command & 0xFF
+        data[1] = command & 0xFF
-        for i in range(len(params)):
+        for i, val in enumerate(params):
-            data[2+i] = params[i]
+            data[2+i] = val
         # Send frame and wait for response.
-        self._write_frame(data)
+        try:
+            self._write_frame(data)
+        except OSError:
+            self._wakeup()
+            return None
         if not self._wait_ready(timeout):
             return None
         # Verify ACK response and wait to be ready for function response.
@@ -328,7 +346,7 @@ class PN532:
             raise RuntimeError('Failed to detect the PN532')
         return tuple(response)
 
-    def SAM_configuration(self):
+    def SAM_configuration(self):   # pylint: disable=invalid-name
         """Configure the PN532 to read MiFare cards."""
         # Send SAM configuration command with configuration for:
         # - 0x01, normal mode
@@ -347,7 +365,7 @@ class PN532:
         try:
             response = self.call_function(_COMMAND_INLISTPASSIVETARGET,
                                           params=[0x01, card_baud],
-                                          response_length=17,
+                                          response_length=19,
                                           timeout=timeout)
         except BusyError:
             return None # no card found!
@@ -362,7 +380,7 @@ class PN532:
         # Return UID of card.
         return response[6:6+response[5]]
 
-    def mifare_classic_authenticate_block(self, uid, block_number, key_number, key):
+    def mifare_classic_authenticate_block(self, uid, block_number, key_number, key):   # pylint: disable=invalid-name
         """Authenticate specified block number for a MiFare classic card.  Uid
         should be a byte array with the UID of the card, block number should be
         the block to authenticate, key number should be the key type (like
@@ -378,7 +396,7 @@ class PN532:
         params[1] = key_number & 0xFF
         params[2] = block_number & 0xFF
         params[3:3+keylen] = key
-        params[3+keylen:]  = uid
+        params[3+keylen:] = uid
         # Send InDataExchange request and verify response is 0x00.
         response = self.call_function(_COMMAND_INDATAEXCHANGE,
                                       params=params,
@@ -420,11 +438,38 @@ class PN532:
                                       response_length=1)
         return response[0] == 0x0
 
+    def ntag2xx_write_block(self, block_number, data):
+        """Write a block of data to the card.  Block number should be the block
+        to write and data should be a byte array of length 4 with the data to
+        write.  If the data is successfully written then True is returned,
+        otherwise False is returned.
+        """
+        assert data is not None and len(data) == 4, 'Data must be an array of 4 bytes!'
+        # Build parameters for InDataExchange command to do NTAG203 classic write.
+        params = bytearray(3+len(data))
+        params[0] = 0x01  # Max card numbers
+        params[1] = MIFARE_ULTRALIGHT_CMD_WRITE
+        params[2] = block_number & 0xFF
+        params[3:] = data
+        # Send InDataExchange request.
+        response = self.call_function(_COMMAND_INDATAEXCHANGE,
+                                      params=params,
+                                      response_length=1)
+        return response[0] == 0x00
+
+    def ntag2xx_read_block(self, block_number):
+        """Read a block of data from the card.  Block number should be the block
+        to read.  If the block is successfully read a bytearray of length 16 with
+        data starting at the specified block will be returned.  If the block is
+        not read then None will be returned.
+        """
+        return self.mifare_classic_read_block(block_number)[0:4] # only 4 bytes per page
 
 class PN532_UART(PN532):
     """Driver for the PN532 connected over Serial UART"""
     def __init__(self, uart, *, irq=None, reset=None, debug=False):
-        """Create an instance of the PN532 class using Serial connection
+        """Create an instance of the PN532 class using Serial connection.
+        Optional IRQ pin (not used), reset pin and debugging output.
         """
         self.debug = debug
         self._irq = irq
@@ -432,10 +477,12 @@ class PN532_UART(PN532):
         super().__init__(debug=debug, reset=reset)
 
     def _wakeup(self):
+        """Send any special commands/data to wake up PN532"""
         #self._write_frame([_HOSTTOPN532, _COMMAND_SAMCONFIGURATION, 0x01])
         self.SAM_configuration()
 
     def _wait_ready(self, timeout=1):
+        """Wait `timeout` seconds"""
         time.sleep(timeout)
         return True
 
@@ -446,9 +493,12 @@ class PN532_UART(PN532):
             raise BusyError("No data read from PN532")
         if self.debug:
             print("Reading: ", [hex(i) for i in frame])
+        else:
+            time.sleep(0.1)
         return frame
 
     def _write_data(self, framebytes):
+        """Write a specified count of bytes to the PN532"""
         while self._uart.read(1):  # this would be a lot nicer if we could query the # of bytes
             pass
         self._uart.write('\x55\x55\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00') # wake up!
@@ -456,31 +506,45 @@ class PN532_UART(PN532):
 
 class PN532_I2C(PN532):
     """Driver for the PN532 connected over I2C."""
-    def __init__(self, i2c, *, irq=None, reset=None, debug=False):
+    def __init__(self, i2c, *, irq=None, reset=None, req=None, debug=False):
-        """Create an instance of the PN532 class using either software SPI (if
+        """Create an instance of the PN532 class using I2C. Note that PN532
-        the sclk, mosi, and miso pins are specified) or hardware SPI if a
+        uses clock stretching. Optional IRQ pin (not used),
-        spi parameter is passed.  The cs pin must be a digital GPIO pin.
+        reset pin and debugging output.
-        Optionally specify a GPIO controller to override the default that uses
-        the board's GPIO pins.
         """
         self.debug = debug
         self._irq = irq
+        self._req = req
+        if reset:
+            _reset(reset)
         self._i2c = i2c_device.I2CDevice(i2c, _I2C_ADDRESS)
         super().__init__(debug=debug, reset=reset)
 
-    def _wakeup(self):
+    def _wakeup(self): # pylint: disable=no-self-use
+        """Send any special commands/data to wake up PN532"""
+        if self._req:
+            self._req.direction = Direction.OUTPUT
+            self._req.value = True
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+            self._req.value = False
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+            self._req.value = True
         time.sleep(0.5)
 
     def _wait_ready(self, timeout=1):
+        """Poll PN532 if status byte is ready, up to `timeout` seconds"""
         status = bytearray(1)
-        t = time.monotonic()
+        timestamp = time.monotonic()
-        while (time.monotonic() - t) < timeout:
+        while (time.monotonic() - timestamp) < timeout:
-            with self._i2c:
+            try:
-                self._i2c.readinto(status)
+                with self._i2c:
+                    self._i2c.readinto(status)
+            except OSError:
+                self._wakeup()
+                continue
             if status == b'\x01':
                 return True  # No longer busy
             else:
-                time.sleep(0.1)  # lets ask again soon!
+                time.sleep(0.05)  # lets ask again soon!
         # Timed out!
         return False
 
@@ -495,15 +559,19 @@ class PN532_I2C(PN532):
             i2c.readinto(frame)        # ok get the data, plus statusbyte
         if self.debug:
             print("Reading: ", [hex(i) for i in frame[1:]])
+        else:
+            time.sleep(0.1)
         return frame[1:]   # don't return the status byte
 
     def _write_data(self, framebytes):
+        """Write a specified count of bytes to the PN532"""
         with self._i2c as i2c:
             i2c.write(framebytes)
 
 class PN532_SPI(PN532):
-    """Driver for the PN532 connected over SPI. Pass in a hardware or bitbang SPI device & chip select
+    """Driver for the PN532 connected over SPI. Pass in a hardware or bitbang
-    digitalInOut pin. Optional IRQ pin (not used), reset pin and debugging output."""
+    SPI device & chip select digitalInOut pin. Optional IRQ pin (not used),
+    reset pin and debugging output."""
     def __init__(self, spi, cs_pin, *, irq=None, reset=None, debug=False):
         """Create an instance of the PN532 class using SPI"""
         self.debug = debug
@@ -512,20 +580,25 @@ class PN532_SPI(PN532):
         super().__init__(debug=debug, reset=reset)
 
     def _wakeup(self):
+        """Send any special commands/data to wake up PN532"""
         with self._spi as spi:
             time.sleep(1)
+            spi.write(bytearray([0x00]))
+            time.sleep(1)
 
     def _wait_ready(self, timeout=1):
+        """Poll PN532 if status byte is ready, up to `timeout` seconds"""
         status = bytearray([reverse_bit(_SPI_STATREAD), 0])
-        
+
-        t = time.monotonic()
+        timestamp = time.monotonic()
-        while (time.monotonic() - t) < timeout:
+        while (time.monotonic() - timestamp) < timeout:
             with self._spi as spi:
+                time.sleep(0.02)   # required
                 spi.write_readinto(status, status)
             if reverse_bit(status[1]) == 0x01:  # LSB data is read in MSB
                 return True      # Not busy anymore!
             else:
-                time.sleep(0.1)  # pause a bit till we ask again
+                time.sleep(0.01)  # pause a bit till we ask again
         # We timed out!
         return False
 
@@ -535,21 +608,23 @@ class PN532_SPI(PN532):
         frame = bytearray(count+1)
         # Add the SPI data read signal byte, but LSB'ify it
         frame[0] = reverse_bit(_SPI_DATAREAD)
-        
+
         with self._spi as spi:
-            time.sleep(0.01)   # required
+            time.sleep(0.02)   # required
             spi.write_readinto(frame, frame)
-        for i in range(len(frame)):
+        for i, val in enumerate(frame):
-            frame[i] = reverse_bit(frame[i]) # turn LSB data to MSB
+            frame[i] = reverse_bit(val) # turn LSB data to MSB
         if self.debug:
             print("Reading: ", [hex(i) for i in frame[1:]])
         return frame[1:]
 
     def _write_data(self, framebytes):
-        # start by making a frame with data write in front, then rest of bytes, and LSBify  it
+        """Write a specified count of bytes to the PN532"""
-        reversed = [reverse_bit(x) for x in bytes([_SPI_DATAWRITE]) + framebytes]
+        # start by making a frame with data write in front,
+        # then rest of bytes, and LSBify it
+        rev_frame = [reverse_bit(x) for x in bytes([_SPI_DATAWRITE]) + framebytes]
         if self.debug:
-            print("Writing: ", [hex(i) for i in reversed])
+            print("Writing: ", [hex(i) for i in rev_frame])
         with self._spi as spi:
-            time.sleep(0.01)   # required
+            time.sleep(0.02)   # required
-            spi.write(bytes(reversed))
+            spi.write(bytes(rev_frame))

docs/conf.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ extensions = [
 # Uncomment the below if you use native CircuitPython modules such as
 # digitalio, micropython and busio. List the modules you use. Without it, the
 # autodoc module docs will fail to generate with a warning.
-# autodoc_mock_imports = ["digitalio", "busio"]
+autodoc_mock_imports = ["digitalio", "busio", "adafruit_bus_device", "micropython"]
 
 
 intersphinx_mapping = {'python': ('https://docs.python.org/3.4', None),'BusDevice': ('https://circuitpython.readthedocs.io/projects/busdevice/en/latest/', None),'CircuitPython': ('https://circuitpython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/', None)}

docs/index.rst

@@ -23,14 +23,11 @@ Table of Contents
 .. toctree::
     :caption: Tutorials
 
-.. todo:: Add any Learn guide links here. If there are none, then simply delete this todo and leave
-    the toctree above for use later.
-
 .. toctree::
     :caption: Related Products
 
-.. todo:: Add any product links here. If there are none, then simply delete this todo and leave
+    `PN532 NFC/RFID Breakout <https://www.adafruit.com/product/364>` and `PN532 NFC/RFID Shield <https://www.adafruit.com/product/789>`_
-    the toctree above for use later.
+
 
 .. toctree::
     :caption: Other Links

examples/pn532_simpletest.py

@@ -1,35 +1,48 @@
-from Adafruit_Circuitpython_PN532 import adafruit_pn532
+"""
-from digitalio import DigitalInOut, Direction, Pull
+This example shows connecting to the PN532 with I2C (requires clock
+stretching support), SPI, or UART. SPI is best, it uses the most pins but
+is the most reliable and universally supported.
+After initialization, try waving various 13.56MHz RFID cards over it!
+"""
+
 import board
-import time
 import busio
-
+from digitalio import DigitalInOut
-reset_pin = DigitalInOut(board.D3)
+from Adafruit_Circuitpython_PN532 import adafruit_pn532
-
 
 # I2C connection:
-#i2c = busio.I2C(board.SCL, board.SDA)
+i2c = busio.I2C(board.SCL, board.SDA)
-#pn532 = adafruit_pn532.PN532_I2C(i2c, debug=False, reset=reset_pin)
+
+# Non-hardware
+#pn532 = adafruit_pn532.PN532_I2C(i2c, debug=False)
+
+# With I2C, we recommend connecting RSTPD_N (reset) to a digital pin for manual
+# harware reset
+reset_pin = DigitalInOut(board.D6)
+# On Raspberry Pi, you must also connect a pin to P32 "H_Request" for hardware
+# wakeup! this means we don't need to do the I2C clock-stretch thing
+req_pin = DigitalInOut(board.D12)
+pn532 = adafruit_pn532.PN532_I2C(i2c, debug=False, reset=reset_pin, req=req_pin)
 
 # SPI connection:
 #spi = busio.SPI(board.SCK, board.MOSI, board.MISO)
-#cs_pin = DigitalInOut(board.D2)
+#cs_pin = DigitalInOut(board.D5)
-#pn532 = adafruit_pn532.PN532_SPI(spi, cs_pin, debug=False, reset=reset_pin)
+#pn532 = adafruit_pn532.PN532_SPI(spi, cs_pin, debug=False)
 
 # UART connection
 #uart = busio.UART(board.TX, board.RX, baudrate=115200, timeout=100)
-#pn532 = adafruit_pn532.PN532_UART(uart, debug=False, reset=reset_pin)
+#pn532 = adafruit_pn532.PN532_UART(uart, debug=False)
 
 ic, ver, rev, support = pn532.get_firmware_version()
 print('Found PN532 with firmware version: {0}.{1}'.format(ver, rev))
 
-# Configure PN532 to communicate with MiFare cards 
+# Configure PN532 to communicate with MiFare cards
 pn532.SAM_configuration()
 
-print('Waiting for MiFare card...')
+print('Waiting for RFID/NFC card...')
 while True:
     # Check if a card is available to read
-    uid = pn532.read_passive_target(timeout=0.25)
+    uid = pn532.read_passive_target(timeout=0.5)
     print('.', end="", flush=True)
     # Try again if no card is available.
     if uid is None:

examples/readwrite_ntag2xx.py

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# Example of detecting and reading a block from a MiFare NFC card.
+# Author: Tony DiCola & Roberto Laricchia
+# Copyright (c) 2015 Adafruit Industries
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+
+"""
+This example shows connecting to the PN532 and writing & reading an ntag2xx
+type RFID tag
+"""
+
+import board
+import busio
+from digitalio import DigitalInOut
+from Adafruit_Circuitpython_PN532 import adafruit_pn532
+
+# I2C connection:
+#i2c = busio.I2C(board.SCL, board.SDA)
+
+# Non-hardware reset/request with I2C
+#pn532 = adafruit_pn532.PN532_I2C(i2c, debug=False)
+
+# With I2C, we recommend connecting RSTPD_N (reset) to a digital pin for manual
+# harware reset
+#reset_pin = DigitalInOut(board.D6)
+# On Raspberry Pi, you must also connect a pin to P32 "H_Request" for hardware
+# wakeup! this means we don't need to do the I2C clock-stretch thing
+#req_pin = DigitalInOut(board.D12)
+#pn532 = adafruit_pn532.PN532_I2C(i2c, debug=False, reset=reset_pin, req=req_pin)
+
+# SPI connection:
+spi = busio.SPI(board.SCK, board.MOSI, board.MISO)
+cs_pin = DigitalInOut(board.D5)
+pn532 = adafruit_pn532.PN532_SPI(spi, cs_pin, debug=False)
+
+# UART connection
+#uart = busio.UART(board.TX, board.RX, baudrate=115200, timeout=100)
+#pn532 = adafruit_pn532.PN532_UART(uart, debug=False)
+
+ic, ver, rev, support = pn532.get_firmware_version()
+print('Found PN532 with firmware version: {0}.{1}'.format(ver, rev))
+
+# Configure PN532 to communicate with MiFare cards
+pn532.SAM_configuration()
+
+print('Waiting for RFID/NFC card to write to!')
+while True:
+    # Check if a card is available to read
+    uid = pn532.read_passive_target(timeout=0.5)
+    print('.', end="", flush=True)
+    # Try again if no card is available.
+    if uid is not None:
+        break
+
+print("")
+print('Found card with UID:', [hex(i) for i in uid])
+
+# Set 4 bytes of block to 0xFEEDBEEF
+data = bytearray(4)
+data[0:4] = [0xFE, 0xED, 0xBE, 0xEF]
+# Write 4 byte block.
+pn532.ntag2xx_write_block(6, data)
+# Read block #6
+print('Wrote to block 6, now trying to read that data:',
+      [hex(x) for x in pn532.ntag2xx_read_block(6)])

requirements.txt

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
+Adafruit-Blinka
 adafruit-circuitpython-busdevice
 pyserial