diff --git a/apps/dotcom/src/utils/remote-sync/ClientWebSocketAdapter.ts b/apps/dotcom/src/utils/remote-sync/ClientWebSocketAdapter.ts
index 34fdd5bfd..cd7de836d 100644
--- a/apps/dotcom/src/utils/remote-sync/ClientWebSocketAdapter.ts
+++ b/apps/dotcom/src/utils/remote-sync/ClientWebSocketAdapter.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import {
 	chunk,
-	serializeMessage,
 	TLPersistentClientSocket,
 	TLPersistentClientSocketStatus,
 	TLSocketClientSentEvent,
@@ -176,7 +175,7 @@ export class ClientWebSocketAdapter implements TLPersistentClientSocket<TLRecord
 
 		if (!this._ws) return
 		if (this.connectionStatus === 'online') {
-			const chunks = chunk(serializeMessage(msg))
+			const chunks = chunk(JSON.stringify(msg))
 			for (const part of chunks) {
 				this._ws.send(part)
 			}
diff --git a/packages/tlsync/src/index.ts b/packages/tlsync/src/index.ts
index 417949046..57f5aaab9 100644
--- a/packages/tlsync/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/tlsync/src/index.ts
@@ -31,5 +31,4 @@ export {
 	type TLSocketServerSentEvent,
 } from './lib/protocol'
 export { schema } from './lib/schema'
-export { serializeMessage } from './lib/serializeMessage'
 export type { PersistedRoomSnapshotForSupabase, RoomState as RoomState } from './lib/server-types'
diff --git a/packages/tlsync/src/lib/RoomSession.ts b/packages/tlsync/src/lib/RoomSession.ts
index a9152f1fa..39ee4fcce 100644
--- a/packages/tlsync/src/lib/RoomSession.ts
+++ b/packages/tlsync/src/lib/RoomSession.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { SerializedSchema, UnknownRecord } from '@tldraw/store'
 import { TLRoomSocket } from './TLSyncRoom'
+import { TLSocketServerSentDataEvent } from './protocol'
 
 export enum RoomSessionState {
 	AWAITING_CONNECT_MESSAGE = 'awaiting-connect-message',
@@ -33,4 +34,6 @@ export type RoomSession<R extends UnknownRecord> =
 			socket: TLRoomSocket<R>
 			serializedSchema: SerializedSchema
 			lastInteractionTime: number
+			debounceTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null
+			outstandingDataMessages: TLSocketServerSentDataEvent<R>[]
 	  }
diff --git a/packages/tlsync/src/lib/ServerSocketAdapter.ts b/packages/tlsync/src/lib/ServerSocketAdapter.ts
index 9f6ed134b..c91e75223 100644
--- a/packages/tlsync/src/lib/ServerSocketAdapter.ts
+++ b/packages/tlsync/src/lib/ServerSocketAdapter.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import { UnknownRecord } from '@tldraw/store'
 import ws from 'ws'
 import { TLRoomSocket } from './TLSyncRoom'
 import { TLSocketServerSentEvent } from './protocol'
-import { serializeMessage } from './serializeMessage'
 
 /** @public */
 export class ServerSocketAdapter<R extends UnknownRecord> implements TLRoomSocket<R> {
@@ -11,8 +10,9 @@ export class ServerSocketAdapter<R extends UnknownRecord> implements TLRoomSocke
 	get isOpen(): boolean {
 		return this.ws.readyState === 1 // ready state open
 	}
+	// see TLRoomSocket for details on why this accepts a union and not just arrays
 	sendMessage(msg: TLSocketServerSentEvent<R>) {
-		this.ws.send(serializeMessage(msg))
+		this.ws.send(JSON.stringify(msg))
 	}
 	close() {
 		this.ws.close()
diff --git a/packages/tlsync/src/lib/TLSyncClient.ts b/packages/tlsync/src/lib/TLSyncClient.ts
index b370553b0..987042531 100644
--- a/packages/tlsync/src/lib/TLSyncClient.ts
+++ b/packages/tlsync/src/lib/TLSyncClient.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import {
 	TLPushRequest,
 	TLSYNC_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
 	TLSocketClientSentEvent,
+	TLSocketServerSentDataEvent,
 	TLSocketServerSentEvent,
 } from './protocol'
 import './requestAnimationFrame.polyfill'
@@ -350,7 +351,7 @@ export class TLSyncClient<R extends UnknownRecord, S extends Store<R> = Store<R>
 		this.lastServerClock = event.serverClock
 	}
 
-	incomingDiffBuffer: Extract<TLSocketServerSentEvent<R>, { type: 'patch' | 'push_result' }>[] = []
+	incomingDiffBuffer: TLSocketServerSentDataEvent<R>[] = []
 
 	/** Handle events received from the server */
 	private handleServerEvent = (event: TLSocketServerSentEvent<R>) => {
@@ -366,11 +367,10 @@ export class TLSyncClient<R extends UnknownRecord, S extends Store<R> = Store<R>
 				console.error('Restarting socket')
 				this.socket.restart()
 				break
-			case 'patch':
-			case 'push_result':
+			case 'data':
 				// wait for a connect to succeed before processing more events
 				if (!this.isConnectedToRoom) break
-				this.incomingDiffBuffer.push(event)
+				this.incomingDiffBuffer.push(...event.data)
 				this.scheduleRebase()
 				break
 			case 'incompatibility_error':
diff --git a/packages/tlsync/src/lib/TLSyncRoom.ts b/packages/tlsync/src/lib/TLSyncRoom.ts
index f169473b9..cd0611395 100644
--- a/packages/tlsync/src/lib/TLSyncRoom.ts
+++ b/packages/tlsync/src/lib/TLSyncRoom.ts
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ import {
 	TLIncompatibilityReason,
 	TLSYNC_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
 	TLSocketClientSentEvent,
+	TLSocketServerSentDataEvent,
 	TLSocketServerSentEvent,
 } from './protocol'
 
@@ -57,6 +58,8 @@ export type TLRoomSocket<R extends UnknownRecord> = {
 export const MAX_TOMBSTONES = 3000
 // the number of tombstones to delete when the max is reached
 export const TOMBSTONE_PRUNE_BUFFER_SIZE = 300
+// the minimum time between data-related messages to the clients
+export const DATA_MESSAGE_DEBOUNCE_INTERVAL = 1000 / 60
 
 const timeSince = (time: number) => Date.now() - time
 
@@ -380,12 +383,15 @@ export class TLSyncRoom<R extends UnknownRecord> {
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Send a message to a particular client.
+	 * Send a message to a particular client. Debounces data events
 	 *
-	 * @param client - The client to send the message to.
+	 * @param sessionKey - The session to send the message to.
 	 * @param message - The message to send.
 	 */
-	private sendMessage(sessionKey: string, message: TLSocketServerSentEvent<R>) {
+	private sendMessage(
+		sessionKey: string,
+		message: TLSocketServerSentEvent<R> | TLSocketServerSentDataEvent<R>
+	) {
 		const session = this.sessions.get(sessionKey)
 		if (!session) {
 			console.warn('Tried to send message to unknown session', message.type)
@@ -396,12 +402,49 @@ export class TLSyncRoom<R extends UnknownRecord> {
 			return
 		}
 		if (session.socket.isOpen) {
-			session.socket.sendMessage(message)
+			if (message.type !== 'patch' && message.type !== 'push_result') {
+				// this is not a data message
+				if (message.type !== 'pong') {
+					// non-data messages like "connect" might still need to be ordered correctly with
+					// respect to data messages, so it's better to flush just in case
+					this._flushDataMessages(sessionKey)
+				}
+				session.socket.sendMessage(message)
+			} else {
+				if (session.debounceTimer === null) {
+					// this is the first message since the last flush, don't delay it
+					session.socket.sendMessage({ type: 'data', data: [message] })
+
+					session.debounceTimer = setTimeout(
+						() => this._flushDataMessages(sessionKey),
+						DATA_MESSAGE_DEBOUNCE_INTERVAL
+					)
+				} else {
+					session.outstandingDataMessages.push(message)
+				}
+			}
 		} else {
 			this.cancelSession(session.sessionKey)
 		}
 	}
 
+	// needs to accept sessionKey and not a session because the session might be dead by the time
+	// the timer fires
+	_flushDataMessages(sessionKey: string) {
+		const session = this.sessions.get(sessionKey)
+
+		if (!session || session.state !== RoomSessionState.CONNECTED) {
+			return
+		}
+
+		session.debounceTimer = null
+
+		if (session.outstandingDataMessages.length > 0) {
+			session.socket.sendMessage({ type: 'data', data: session.outstandingDataMessages })
+			session.outstandingDataMessages.length = 0
+		}
+	}
+
 	private removeSession(sessionKey: string) {
 		const session = this.sessions.get(sessionKey)
 		if (!session) {
@@ -461,10 +504,10 @@ export class TLSyncRoom<R extends UnknownRecord> {
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Broadcast a message to all connected clients except the clientId provided.
+	 * Broadcast a message to all connected clients except the one with the sessionKey provided.
 	 *
 	 * @param message - The message to broadcast.
-	 * @param clientId - The client to exclude.
+	 * @param sourceSessionKey - The session to exclude.
 	 */
 	broadcastPatch({
 		diff,
@@ -507,7 +550,8 @@ export class TLSyncRoom<R extends UnknownRecord> {
 	 * When a client connects to the room, add them to the list of clients and then merge the history
 	 * down into the snapshots.
 	 *
-	 * @param client - The client that connected to the room.
+	 * @param sessionKey - The session of the client that connected to the room.
+	 * @param socket - Their socket.
 	 */
 	handleNewSession = (sessionKey: string, socket: TLRoomSocket<R>) => {
 		const existing = this.sessions.get(sessionKey)
@@ -564,10 +608,10 @@ export class TLSyncRoom<R extends UnknownRecord> {
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * When the server receives a message from the clients Currently supports connect and patches.
-	 * Invalid messages types log a warning. Currently doesn't validate data.
+	 * When the server receives a message from the clients Currently, supports connect and patches.
+	 * Invalid messages types throws an error. Currently, doesn't validate data.
 	 *
-	 * @param client - The client that sent the message
+	 * @param sessionKey - The session that sent the message
 	 * @param message - The message that was sent
 	 */
 	handleMessage = async (sessionKey: string, message: TLSocketClientSentEvent<R>) => {
@@ -595,7 +639,7 @@ export class TLSyncRoom<R extends UnknownRecord> {
 		}
 	}
 
-	/** If the client is out of date or we are out of date, we need to let them know */
+	/** If the client is out of date, or we are out of date, we need to let them know */
 	private rejectSession(session: RoomSession<R>, reason: TLIncompatibilityReason) {
 		try {
 			if (session.socket.isOpen) {
@@ -647,6 +691,8 @@ export class TLSyncRoom<R extends UnknownRecord> {
 				socket: session.socket,
 				serializedSchema: sessionSchema,
 				lastInteractionTime: Date.now(),
+				debounceTimer: null,
+				outstandingDataMessages: [],
 			})
 			this.sendMessage(session.sessionKey, msg)
 		}
@@ -1002,7 +1048,7 @@ export class TLSyncRoom<R extends UnknownRecord> {
 	/**
 	 * Handle the event when a client disconnects.
 	 *
-	 * @param client - The client that disconnected.
+	 * @param sessionKey - The session that disconnected.
 	 */
 	handleClose = (sessionKey: string) => {
 		this.cancelSession(sessionKey)
diff --git a/packages/tlsync/src/lib/protocol.ts b/packages/tlsync/src/lib/protocol.ts
index e1c7a4a5c..08f315aed 100644
--- a/packages/tlsync/src/lib/protocol.ts
+++ b/packages/tlsync/src/lib/protocol.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { SerializedSchema, UnknownRecord } from '@tldraw/store'
 import { NetworkDiff, ObjectDiff, RecordOpType } from './diff'
 
 /** @public */
-export const TLSYNC_PROTOCOL_VERSION = 4
+export const TLSYNC_PROTOCOL_VERSION = 5
 
 /** @public */
 export enum TLIncompatibilityReason {
@@ -27,24 +27,28 @@ export type TLSocketServerSentEvent<R extends UnknownRecord> =
 			type: 'incompatibility_error'
 			reason: TLIncompatibilityReason
 	  }
+	| {
+			type: 'error'
+			error?: any
+	  }
+	| {
+			type: 'pong'
+	  }
+	| { type: 'data'; data: TLSocketServerSentDataEvent<R>[] }
+
+/** @public */
+export type TLSocketServerSentDataEvent<R extends UnknownRecord> =
 	| {
 			type: 'patch'
 			diff: NetworkDiff<R>
 			serverClock: number
 	  }
-	| {
-			type: 'error'
-			error?: any
-	  }
 	| {
 			type: 'push_result'
 			clientClock: number
 			serverClock: number
 			action: 'discard' | 'commit' | { rebaseWithDiff: NetworkDiff<R> }
 	  }
-	| {
-			type: 'pong'
-	  }
 
 /** @public */
 export type TLPushRequest<R extends UnknownRecord> =
diff --git a/packages/tlsync/src/lib/serializeMessage.ts b/packages/tlsync/src/lib/serializeMessage.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index cc3ff11bc..000000000
--- a/packages/tlsync/src/lib/serializeMessage.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-import { TLSocketClientSentEvent, TLSocketServerSentEvent } from './protocol'
-
-type Message = TLSocketServerSentEvent<any> | TLSocketClientSentEvent<any>
-
-let _lastSentMessage: Message | null = null
-let _lastSentMessageSerialized: string | null = null
-
-/**
- * Serializes a message to a string. Caches the last serialized message to optimize for cases where
- * the same message is broadcast to multiple places.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export function serializeMessage(message: Message) {
-	if (message === _lastSentMessage) {
-		return _lastSentMessageSerialized as string
-	} else {
-		_lastSentMessage = message
-		_lastSentMessageSerialized = JSON.stringify(message)
-		return _lastSentMessageSerialized
-	}
-}
diff --git a/packages/tlsync/src/test/TestServer.ts b/packages/tlsync/src/test/TestServer.ts
index 66dabcffb..256894cf9 100644
--- a/packages/tlsync/src/test/TestServer.ts
+++ b/packages/tlsync/src/test/TestServer.ts
@@ -21,4 +21,10 @@ export class TestServer<R extends UnknownRecord, P = unknown> {
 
 		socketPair.callbacks.onStatusChange?.('online')
 	}
+
+	flushDebouncingMessages() {
+		for (const sessionKey of this.room.sessions.keys()) {
+			this.room._flushDataMessages(sessionKey)
+		}
+	}
 }
diff --git a/packages/tlsync/src/test/TestSocketPair.ts b/packages/tlsync/src/test/TestSocketPair.ts
index db90039ca..1bb80919f 100644
--- a/packages/tlsync/src/test/TestSocketPair.ts
+++ b/packages/tlsync/src/test/TestSocketPair.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { UnknownRecord } from '@tldraw/store'
+import { structuredClone } from '@tldraw/utils'
 import { TLPersistentClientSocket, TLPersistentClientSocketStatus } from '../lib/TLSyncClient'
 import { TLRoomSocket } from '../lib/TLSyncRoom'
 import { TLSocketClientSentEvent, TLSocketServerSentEvent } from '../lib/protocol'
@@ -42,7 +43,8 @@ export class TestSocketPair<R extends UnknownRecord> {
 				// client was closed, drop the packet
 				return
 			}
-			this.serverSentEventQueue.push(msg)
+			// cloning because callers might reuse the same message object
+			this.serverSentEventQueue.push(structuredClone(msg))
 		},
 	}
 	didReceiveFromClient?: (msg: TLSocketClientSentEvent<R>) => void = undefined
@@ -65,7 +67,8 @@ export class TestSocketPair<R extends UnknownRecord> {
 			if (this.clientSocket.connectionStatus !== 'online') {
 				throw new Error('trying to send before open')
 			}
-			this.clientSentEventQueue.push(msg)
+			// cloning because callers might reuse the same message object
+			this.clientSentEventQueue.push(structuredClone(msg))
 		},
 		restart: () => {
 			this.disconnect()
diff --git a/packages/tlsync/src/test/syncFuzz.test.ts b/packages/tlsync/src/test/syncFuzz.test.ts
index 53a7700fc..4974bc558 100644
--- a/packages/tlsync/src/test/syncFuzz.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tlsync/src/test/syncFuzz.test.ts
@@ -175,6 +175,8 @@ function runTest(seed: number) {
 				peer.editor.applyOp(op)
 				allOk('after applyOp')
 
+				server.flushDebouncingMessages()
+
 				if (peer.socketPair.isConnected && peer.randomInt(6) === 0) {
 					// randomly disconnect a peer
 					peer.socketPair.disconnect()
@@ -213,6 +215,8 @@ function runTest(seed: number) {
 		}
 
 		while (peers.some((p) => p.socketPair.getNeedsFlushing())) {
+			server.flushDebouncingMessages()
+
 			for (const peer of peers) {
 				if (peer.socketPair.getNeedsFlushing()) {
 					peer.socketPair.flushServerSentEvents()
diff --git a/packages/tlsync/src/test/upgradeDowngrade.test.ts b/packages/tlsync/src/test/upgradeDowngrade.test.ts
index d6f27f778..58f8d5317 100644
--- a/packages/tlsync/src/test/upgradeDowngrade.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tlsync/src/test/upgradeDowngrade.test.ts
@@ -195,6 +195,8 @@ class TestInstance {
 	}
 
 	flush() {
+		this.server.flushDebouncingMessages()
+
 		while (this.oldSocketPair.getNeedsFlushing() || this.newSocketPair.getNeedsFlushing()) {
 			this.oldSocketPair.flushClientSentEvents()
 			this.oldSocketPair.flushServerSentEvents()
@@ -491,10 +493,15 @@ describe('when the client is too new', () => {
 		})
 
 		expect(v2SendMessage).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
-			type: 'push_result',
-			action: 'commit',
-			clientClock: 1,
-			serverClock: 11,
+			type: 'data',
+			data: [
+				{
+					type: 'push_result',
+					action: 'commit',
+					clientClock: 1,
+					serverClock: 11,
+				},
+			],
 		} satisfies TLSocketServerSentEvent<RV2>)
 	})
 
@@ -529,10 +536,15 @@ describe('when the client is too new', () => {
 		})
 
 		expect(data.v1SendMessage).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
-			type: 'push_result',
-			action: 'commit',
-			clientClock: 1,
-			serverClock: 11,
+			type: 'data',
+			data: [
+				{
+					type: 'push_result',
+					action: 'commit',
+					clientClock: 1,
+					serverClock: 11,
+				},
+			],
 		} satisfies TLSocketServerSentEvent<RV2>)
 
 		expect(data.v2SendMessage).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
@@ -688,10 +700,15 @@ describe('when the client is too old', () => {
 		})
 
 		expect(data.v2SendMessage).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
-			type: 'push_result',
-			action: 'commit',
-			clientClock: 1,
-			serverClock: 11,
+			type: 'data',
+			data: [
+				{
+					type: 'push_result',
+					action: 'commit',
+					clientClock: 1,
+					serverClock: 11,
+				},
+			],
 		} satisfies TLSocketServerSentEvent<RV2>)
 	})
 
@@ -705,23 +722,33 @@ describe('when the client is too old', () => {
 		})
 
 		expect(data.v1SendMessage).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
-			type: 'push_result',
-			action: 'commit',
-			clientClock: 1,
-			serverClock: 11,
+			type: 'data',
+			data: [
+				{
+					type: 'push_result',
+					action: 'commit',
+					clientClock: 1,
+					serverClock: 11,
+				},
+			],
 		} satisfies TLSocketServerSentEvent<RV2>)
 
 		expect(data.v2SendMessage).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
-			type: 'patch',
-			diff: {
-				[data.steve.id]: [
-					RecordOpType.Patch,
-					{
-						name: [ValueOpType.Put, 'Jeff'],
+			type: 'data',
+			data: [
+				{
+					type: 'patch',
+					diff: {
+						[data.steve.id]: [
+							RecordOpType.Patch,
+							{
+								name: [ValueOpType.Put, 'Jeff'],
+							},
+						],
 					},
-				],
-			},
-			serverClock: 11,
+					serverClock: 11,
+				},
+			],
 		} satisfies TLSocketServerSentEvent<RV2>)
 	})
 })
@@ -817,23 +844,33 @@ describe('when the client is the same version', () => {
 		})
 
 		expect(data.v2ClientASendMessage).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
-			type: 'push_result',
-			action: 'commit',
-			clientClock: 1,
-			serverClock: 11,
+			type: 'data',
+			data: [
+				{
+					type: 'push_result',
+					action: 'commit',
+					clientClock: 1,
+					serverClock: 11,
+				},
+			],
 		} satisfies TLSocketServerSentEvent<RV2>)
 
 		expect(data.v2ClientBSendMessage).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
-			type: 'patch',
-			diff: {
-				[data.steve.id]: [
-					RecordOpType.Patch,
-					{
-						name: [ValueOpType.Put, 'Jeff'],
+			type: 'data',
+			data: [
+				{
+					type: 'patch',
+					diff: {
+						[data.steve.id]: [
+							RecordOpType.Patch,
+							{
+								name: [ValueOpType.Put, 'Jeff'],
+							},
+						],
 					},
-				],
-			},
-			serverClock: 11,
+					serverClock: 11,
+				},
+			],
 		} satisfies TLSocketServerSentEvent<RV2>)
 	})
 })